We know about the Pueblo Revolt in the Southwest. It was the one time the natives actually wiped out a strategic European settlement. For all the good it did them...
The Spanish subjugated the tribes they encountered wherever they could. The exception being the Comanches. They viewed the conquistadors and all who followed them as a buffet feast. This extended to pretty much everyone who ventured into that part of the country until after the Civil War.
The Comanches really didn't become an "issue" until the mid-18th century. Bu then, the Spanish were not always as interested in "subjugating" the tribes,as they were in having them as business partners and a buffer against peoples like the Comanches. One factor in the Apache incursions into Mexico in the 19th century was that the Republic was broke, and stopped the making "tribute" payments to the Apaches. Which also permitted the Comanches to raid as far south as Zacatecas.
Incidentally, the Kikipoo and Mosgogos (US Muskogees) --- who still have territories in northern Mexico, -- were given land in return for keeping the United States out of Mexican territory.
But they also tended to make treaties (and keep them), as well as tolerate (or even foment) English colonial slaves who integrated into the indigenous Florida communities.
Thanks, Professor Loomis, this so was well done! I'll throw in some fun facts!!
If you were a governor of New Mexico and a guy had a hot wife, you gave him the encomienda for Hopi so that he'd be out there trying not to die and you could be in Santa Fe making sweet love to his woman. Thumbs up!
Some of the worst fights the Church & State had were catalyzed by a governor's proposal of whether to set a minimum wage (1 peso de tierra - bartered goods- per day). The priests were livid and sicced the Office of the Holy Inquisition on him and he died in jail. No one expects, etc.
A Spanish child who was captured by the Apache, then sold to the Navajo and adopted into a clan, served as translator between the Diné and the US Army to negotiate the return to their homeland. Speaking of brutal history!
The last known enslaved people were interviewed by the WPA during all that New Deal work. The WPA workers (known colloquially as El Diablo en pie, the devil on foot) interviewed two people who had worked for a master their whole lives. One, who identified as Navajo, remembered being captured as a child, the other had no memory before his servitude. They had not heard of the emancipation proclamation and no one had ever informed them they had a right to get paid for their labor.
The descendents of the people who were removed from their families and forcibly Christianized were allowed to move into buffer communities where they took the first hit from any raiders. In these genízaro communities, they developed their own forms of religious worship. There are a few really fantastic genízaro scholars who are doing amazing work revitalizing the traditions. The most common one is Los Matachines. https://youtu.be/J0OER_VqPkg?si=xgC-W23grxNPpXzY
"Some of the worst fights the Church & State had were catalyzed by a governor's proposal of whether to set a minimum wage (1 peso de tierra - bartered goods- per day). The priests were livid and sicced the Office of the Holy Inquisition on him and he died in jail. No one expects, etc."
I've done more reading than I care to about the Inqusition in New Spain. What is your source for this? I do know of a famous (or infamous) case of a Jewish family that was persecuted, coming to the attention of the Inquisition ... thought to have been vengance by his colonial neighors for dealing in indigenous slaves, and creating problems for local traders, as well as likely to lead to conflict with the surrounding indigenous peoples.
Sure, the one off the top of my head was Troublous Times in NM by France Scholes, about Governor López & his wife. He talks about it on page one. :-)
I don't think López was serious about the minimum wage, either. He was just poking the bear. FAFO as they say around here. I couldn't remember if his wife died in jail, too. I seem to remember she was exonerated after her health had broken, but didn't look it up.
Thanks... I'll save it for now (it's almost 11 PM here), but did notice it's a 85 year old article, and Inqusition scholarship has advanced quite a bit over the last 25 to 20 years,
The author needs to do deeper study into the extent of slavery within the New Mexican missions by the church. There were even armed conflicts between the church and the army over who would get the greater number of Native slaves. One sentence about the role of the church in NM slavery is completely insufficient and misleading.
This slavery was the norm throughout the mission system, certainly the missions that were the backbone of California's settlement and domestication. We like to think that our slavery/deracination was kinder and gentler than slavery in the south or the general American and Canadian destruction of native culture, but I'm not so sure it was.
Spain gets a bad rap, because they're Catholics and our history was written by WASPs. But the mild concern for human rights, and the real punishments that often ensued, were far more than anything England showed in its colonial enterprises.
The California genocide was not under the Mission System (though the unhealthy working and living conditions were a factor in the spead of new diseases), but in the years following the US Annexation. The Spanish missions were pretty much dots on a map, and never really had much reach outside their limited territory
We were certainly never taught anything about Pueblo history in my public school history classes. And I never have understood the mania for erecting statues of murderous white men, either on or off horses.
I read somewhere that 1.5 million horses were killed during the Civil War, and EIGHT MILLION horses, donkeys and mules died in WWI. Maybe we should put up some statutes just of the horses to honor them, and ignore the men who rode them.
"... someone soon cut off its foot" Civil disobedience at its best.
Thank you, again, Mr Loomis for bringing another corned of American labor history to us. A lot of this I knew off-handedly, but never really bothered with the economic reasons for enforced slavery.
The statue was replaced recently but was taken down and hidden after a crazed "mestizo" Trumper shot an unarmed Native American during a demonstration against the statue that had been peaceful up to that point. This happened only a few months ago.
I work for the Washoe people, a smallish tribe that used to have Lake Tahoe and the surrounding area as their traditional lands. Now a days there are a bunch of folks with last names like Jim, George, John, Frank...those were the names of the slave-owners who possessed their ancestors
I love how we so often pretend that slavery doesn't exist anymore. As if the phone you're probably reading this on wasn't made by slave labor. Remember when they installed nets at the Chinese Foxconn factories to keep "workers" from committing suicide? Pepperidge Farms remembers.
After WW2 the winners executed people for committing crimes like using slave labour. Whenever I read about some cracker saying there were so many benefits that slaves got I think how outraged they would be to know that the Japanese Empire might have done that to his grandfather or great-uncles.
I lived in New Mexico most of my life, and the history expounded by Sr. Loomis is still a big deal there. Just a few years ago, during the time of the tearing down of statues, there were serious protests in Albuquerque over removing a statue of Oñate. It would appear the majority of people didn't care, a marching shouting minority did care and wanted the statue removed, and a slender splinter of one or two guys wanted the statue left in place and were willing to shoot someone about it. I don't remember now if shots were fired, but I do remember watching footage of members of the pro-removal faction chasing a gun-humper down the street to whale the nonsense out of him.
Shots were fired and people were wounded both in the earlier Albuquerque Museum demonstration and the most recent one in Española. In both cases, the shooters were Trumpers.
Shots were fired at two separate events. At the most recent one, an activist was shot trying to shield children. The victim, Jacob Johns, has had to have a number of medical interventions.
Nope. He escaped (in a Tesla, no less) but was tracked down mostly due to the excellent videos of the incident that clearly showed his face and his license plate. The cops at the scene did squat, as NM cops tend to do. I should mention that this all occurred right in front of the police station.
Yep. The county sheriff's office was literally steps away from the site of the shooting but they were nowhere in sight when it happened. Although they were present the day before to make sure that small children were not painting the sidewalk of the county office building (they were making art on butcher paper, not the sidewalk). I know because I was there. The absence of the cops should be the big story.
The story about Oñate's foot being cut off is epic, and worthy of its own post at some point.
Also just to note, and you probably already realize this, it's a generalization to say that all the Hispano population in NM is on board with the portrayal of Oñate as a conquering hero. That's not correct. There are many who are horrified by his atrocities and don't condone the glorification of the man through statues and other means. It's complex. A good article to start with: https://www.riograndesun.com/news/city/resistance-not-conquest-a-resolana-at-plaza-de-espa-ola/article_46794f22-5ecc-11e8-ac37-afd7f5718507.html
We know about the Pueblo Revolt in the Southwest. It was the one time the natives actually wiped out a strategic European settlement. For all the good it did them...
It did a lot of good, actually. It's what helped to keep Tewa spiritual and cultural traditions so intact over all these centuries.
Very well done! I learned a thing.
The Spanish subjugated the tribes they encountered wherever they could. The exception being the Comanches. They viewed the conquistadors and all who followed them as a buffet feast. This extended to pretty much everyone who ventured into that part of the country until after the Civil War.
The Comanches really didn't become an "issue" until the mid-18th century. Bu then, the Spanish were not always as interested in "subjugating" the tribes,as they were in having them as business partners and a buffer against peoples like the Comanches. One factor in the Apache incursions into Mexico in the 19th century was that the Republic was broke, and stopped the making "tribute" payments to the Apaches. Which also permitted the Comanches to raid as far south as Zacatecas.
Incidentally, the Kikipoo and Mosgogos (US Muskogees) --- who still have territories in northern Mexico, -- were given land in return for keeping the United States out of Mexican territory.
I love the history of southern Arizona. Rugged doesn't begin to describe it and the people who lived there.
When we speak of the southwestern territories being "Mexican" -- technically, they were Spanish for more than 300 years and Mexican for less than 40.
I believe the Spanish enslaved Native Americans in their Florida colony even before they did so in the southwest.
But they also tended to make treaties (and keep them), as well as tolerate (or even foment) English colonial slaves who integrated into the indigenous Florida communities.
The slaves Columbus took back were, technically, Native Americans.
The Spanish also massacred and enslaved a colony of French Huguenots living up the coast from them. because the King of Spain ordered them to.
Which is why the next Huguenot colony was in NY.
Thanks, Professor Loomis, this so was well done! I'll throw in some fun facts!!
If you were a governor of New Mexico and a guy had a hot wife, you gave him the encomienda for Hopi so that he'd be out there trying not to die and you could be in Santa Fe making sweet love to his woman. Thumbs up!
Some of the worst fights the Church & State had were catalyzed by a governor's proposal of whether to set a minimum wage (1 peso de tierra - bartered goods- per day). The priests were livid and sicced the Office of the Holy Inquisition on him and he died in jail. No one expects, etc.
A Spanish child who was captured by the Apache, then sold to the Navajo and adopted into a clan, served as translator between the Diné and the US Army to negotiate the return to their homeland. Speaking of brutal history!
The last known enslaved people were interviewed by the WPA during all that New Deal work. The WPA workers (known colloquially as El Diablo en pie, the devil on foot) interviewed two people who had worked for a master their whole lives. One, who identified as Navajo, remembered being captured as a child, the other had no memory before his servitude. They had not heard of the emancipation proclamation and no one had ever informed them they had a right to get paid for their labor.
The descendents of the people who were removed from their families and forcibly Christianized were allowed to move into buffer communities where they took the first hit from any raiders. In these genízaro communities, they developed their own forms of religious worship. There are a few really fantastic genízaro scholars who are doing amazing work revitalizing the traditions. The most common one is Los Matachines. https://youtu.be/J0OER_VqPkg?si=xgC-W23grxNPpXzY
"Some of the worst fights the Church & State had were catalyzed by a governor's proposal of whether to set a minimum wage (1 peso de tierra - bartered goods- per day). The priests were livid and sicced the Office of the Holy Inquisition on him and he died in jail. No one expects, etc."
I've done more reading than I care to about the Inqusition in New Spain. What is your source for this? I do know of a famous (or infamous) case of a Jewish family that was persecuted, coming to the attention of the Inquisition ... thought to have been vengance by his colonial neighors for dealing in indigenous slaves, and creating problems for local traders, as well as likely to lead to conflict with the surrounding indigenous peoples.
Sure, the one off the top of my head was Troublous Times in NM by France Scholes, about Governor López & his wife. He talks about it on page one. :-)
I don't think López was serious about the minimum wage, either. He was just poking the bear. FAFO as they say around here. I couldn't remember if his wife died in jail, too. I seem to remember she was exonerated after her health had broken, but didn't look it up.
Here's the text:
https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1110&context=nmhr
Thanks... I'll save it for now (it's almost 11 PM here), but did notice it's a 85 year old article, and Inqusition scholarship has advanced quite a bit over the last 25 to 20 years,
The author needs to do deeper study into the extent of slavery within the New Mexican missions by the church. There were even armed conflicts between the church and the army over who would get the greater number of Native slaves. One sentence about the role of the church in NM slavery is completely insufficient and misleading.
This slavery was the norm throughout the mission system, certainly the missions that were the backbone of California's settlement and domestication. We like to think that our slavery/deracination was kinder and gentler than slavery in the south or the general American and Canadian destruction of native culture, but I'm not so sure it was.
Spain gets a bad rap, because they're Catholics and our history was written by WASPs. But the mild concern for human rights, and the real punishments that often ensued, were far more than anything England showed in its colonial enterprises.
The California genocide was not under the Mission System (though the unhealthy working and living conditions were a factor in the spead of new diseases), but in the years following the US Annexation. The Spanish missions were pretty much dots on a map, and never really had much reach outside their limited territory
We were certainly never taught anything about Pueblo history in my public school history classes. And I never have understood the mania for erecting statues of murderous white men, either on or off horses.
I read somewhere that 1.5 million horses were killed during the Civil War, and EIGHT MILLION horses, donkeys and mules died in WWI. Maybe we should put up some statutes just of the horses to honor them, and ignore the men who rode them.
THANK YOU, Erik!!!!
"... someone soon cut off its foot" Civil disobedience at its best.
Thank you, again, Mr Loomis for bringing another corned of American labor history to us. A lot of this I knew off-handedly, but never really bothered with the economic reasons for enforced slavery.
The statue was replaced recently but was taken down and hidden after a crazed "mestizo" Trumper shot an unarmed Native American during a demonstration against the statue that had been peaceful up to that point. This happened only a few months ago.
Memorializing Oñate of all people was a particularly MAGA troll move, so I'm not surprised it came to this.
I work for the Washoe people, a smallish tribe that used to have Lake Tahoe and the surrounding area as their traditional lands. Now a days there are a bunch of folks with last names like Jim, George, John, Frank...those were the names of the slave-owners who possessed their ancestors
Yeah, but think about all the Indians who got civilized and Christianized!
Think about the ones who didn't, too.
Many of them developed useful skills that helped them in their later life as dead people.
I love how we so often pretend that slavery doesn't exist anymore. As if the phone you're probably reading this on wasn't made by slave labor. Remember when they installed nets at the Chinese Foxconn factories to keep "workers" from committing suicide? Pepperidge Farms remembers.
After WW2 the winners executed people for committing crimes like using slave labour. Whenever I read about some cracker saying there were so many benefits that slaves got I think how outraged they would be to know that the Japanese Empire might have done that to his grandfather or great-uncles.
This is a shameless plug but talking about Onate, Spanish oppression, and colonization was a key part of my Wheeler Peak, New Mexico episode. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2oYk1KyNYRk&pp=ygUXd2hlZWxlciBwZWFrIG5ldyBtZXhpY28%3D
SMASHED the subscribe button ;-)
You're awesome!
Plug away! Those are some incredible short documentaries!
(Too good to just call them "videos".....)
Thank you!
I lived in New Mexico most of my life, and the history expounded by Sr. Loomis is still a big deal there. Just a few years ago, during the time of the tearing down of statues, there were serious protests in Albuquerque over removing a statue of Oñate. It would appear the majority of people didn't care, a marching shouting minority did care and wanted the statue removed, and a slender splinter of one or two guys wanted the statue left in place and were willing to shoot someone about it. I don't remember now if shots were fired, but I do remember watching footage of members of the pro-removal faction chasing a gun-humper down the street to whale the nonsense out of him.
Was this the statue some Acomas pulled down to cut off Oñate's foot?
Shots were fired and people were wounded both in the earlier Albuquerque Museum demonstration and the most recent one in Española. In both cases, the shooters were Trumpers.
Shots were fired at two separate events. At the most recent one, an activist was shot trying to shield children. The victim, Jacob Johns, has had to have a number of medical interventions.
Link to his GFM. https://substack.com/@desertabundance/note/c-41019346?utm_source=notes-share-action&r=b2vrq
Thank you for the information. I no longer live in Albuquerque and had not been following the news.
Did they succeed, or was the nonsense too integrated into his body?
I think the cops came in and saved his bacon.
Nope. He escaped (in a Tesla, no less) but was tracked down mostly due to the excellent videos of the incident that clearly showed his face and his license plate. The cops at the scene did squat, as NM cops tend to do. I should mention that this all occurred right in front of the police station.
Yep. The county sheriff's office was literally steps away from the site of the shooting but they were nowhere in sight when it happened. Although they were present the day before to make sure that small children were not painting the sidewalk of the county office building (they were making art on butcher paper, not the sidewalk). I know because I was there. The absence of the cops should be the big story.